Home Electrical & Electronics Electrical Control System Switch Control System Control Programming Controller Plc 2025 Product List

Control Programming Controller Plc

products found from  trusted manufacturers & suppliers
View:

List View

Gallery View
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

5 Axis CNC 3D Sculpture Machine for Wood MDF EPS Styrofoam

US$ 35000-50000 / Set
1 Set (MOQ)
Jinan Sintech Cnc Equipment Co,Ltd
Jinan Sintech Cnc Equipment Co,Ltd
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Shandong, China

  • Manufacturer/Factory & Trading Company

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Free Online After-Sale Service / Paid on-Spot Afte
2 Years
New
CE
CNC
220V/380V
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

High-Precision CNC Controller for Lathe and Drilling Machines

US$ 500-5000 / Set
1 Set (MOQ)
GSK CNC Equipment Co., Ltd.
GSK CNC Equipment Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Guangdong, China

  • Manufacturer/Factory & Trading Company

View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
1 year
1 year
GSK
988TA-H08CDE
CNC Controller
Metal
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

PLD2016N CNC Steel Structure Fabrication CNC Hydraulic Plate Drilling Machine 2000mm*1600mm *100mm

US$ 36800-37300 / Piece
1 Piece (MOQ)
Shandong Fin CNC Machine Co., Ltd.
Shandong Fin CNC Machine Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Shandong, China

  • Manufacturer/Factory & Trading Company

View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
24 Hours Online
One Year
Vertical Drilling Machine
Gantry Type
CNC
2
1/ 6

Favorites

Heavy-Duty Breeder Floor for Chickens - CE Certified, 24-Month Support

US$ 200-240 / Set
10 Sets (MOQ)
Raisetech Co., Ltd.
Raisetech Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Jiangsu, China

  • Manufacturer/Factory & Trading Company

  • ISO9001:2015, ISO45001:2018, ISO14001
Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
New
Grey
Breeding
1 Tier
Plastic
Chicken
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

New Fanuc Servo Drive A06b-6088-H130#H500 Via DHL or FedEx

US$ 699-999 / Piece
1 Piece (MOQ)
Xiamen YuanZhan Automation Equipment Co., Ltd.
Xiamen YuanZhan Automation Equipment Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Fujian, China

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

5(5.0)

"On-time Delivery"
On-time Delivery
Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Adjust
Combination
Linear
Continuous
Automatic Control
RoHS, CCC, ISO: 9001, CE
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Automatic Carton Box Make Stitcher Gluer Bundler Inline Machine

US$ 30000-40000 / Piece
1 Piece (MOQ)
Cangzhou Xiaoyuan Carton Machinery Trade Co., Ltd.
Cangzhou Xiaoyuan Carton Machinery Trade Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Hebei, China

View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
One Year
One Year
Plastic
18m× 2m× 2m
Tianjin, China
CZXY
1/ 6

Favorites

New Fanuc AC Servo Motor A06b-2078-B207 Via DHL or FedEx 12 Months Warranty

US$ 366-666 / Piece
1 Piece (MOQ)
Xiamen YuanZhan Automation Equipment Co., Ltd.
Xiamen YuanZhan Automation Equipment Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Fujian, China

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

5(5.0)

"Fast Dispatch"
Fast Dispatch
Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Program
Combination
Linear
Continuous
Automatic Control
New
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Control Panel PLC Panel with Remote I/P PLC Industrial Control Box Panel 3 Years Warranty

US$ 78 / Piece
1 Piece (MOQ)
Shenzhen K-Easy Electrical Automation Company Limited
Shenzhen K-Easy Electrical Automation Company Limited
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Guangdong, China

  • Manufacturer/Factory & Trading Company

View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
High-performance Transducer, Three Phase Transducer, General Transducer, Single-phase Transducer, High Frequency Converter Transducer
Triple
Vector Control Transducer
High Carrier Frequency PWM Control
Voltage
Low Voltage Variable-Frequency Drive
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

New Servo Drive Mc07b0005-5A3-4-00 12 Months Warranty Via DHL or FedEx

US$ 366-566 / Piece
1 Piece (MOQ)
Xiamen YuanZhan Automation Equipment Co., Ltd.
Xiamen YuanZhan Automation Equipment Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Fujian, China

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

5(5.0)

"Fast Delivery"
Fast Delivery
Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Adjust
Combination
Linear
Continuous
Automatic Control
RoHS, CCC, ISO: 9001, CE
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Advanced CNC Controller with Collision Avoidance and Predictive Maintenance

US$ 360-405 / Piece
1 Piece (MOQ)
Chongqing SiyueEr Technology Co., Ltd.
Chongqing SiyueEr Technology Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Chongqing, China

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

5(5.0)

"Fast Dispatch"
Fast Dispatch
Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
3 Years
with Logo Printing
Large
Customized
CNC Controller
Stainless Steel
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Sch-Nei-Der PLC Modicon X80 Module 24V DC Bmxddi3202K Bmxddo3202K

in stock qp product gallery
US$ 132 / Piece
1 Piece (MOQ)
Shantou Nobee Electric Co., Ltd.
Shantou Nobee Electric Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Gold Member Gold Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Guangdong, China

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Buy Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Program
Combination
None
None
Automatic Control, Protection, Monitoring
CE, EAC
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

2030 4 Axis CNC Router with Rotate Head Large 3D 4D Statue

US$ 10000-15000 / Set
1 Set (MOQ)
Jinan Sintech Cnc Equipment Co,Ltd
Jinan Sintech Cnc Equipment Co,Ltd
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Shandong, China

  • Manufacturer/Factory & Trading Company

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Free Online After-Sale Service / Paid on-Spot Afte
2 Years
New
CE
CNC
220V/380V
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

CNC Servo Electric Press Brake Manufactures

US$ 9000-90000 / Set
1 Set (MOQ)
NANJING SHAREY CNC MACHINERY CO.,LTD
NANJING SHAREY CNC MACHINERY CO.,LTD
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Jiangsu, China

  • Trading Company

View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Engineering Service Outside
IPX-0
1-year
New
ISO 9001:2000, ISO 9001:2008
Semi-Automatic
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Three-Phase 380V VFD Variable Frequency Drive 50Hz to 60 Hz AC for Motors

US$ 60-90 / Piece
1 Piece (MOQ)
Jinan Inverter Electric Co., Ltd.
Jinan Inverter Electric Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Shandong, China

View larger video & image

View larger video & image

5(5.0)

"Fast Delivery"
Fast Delivery
Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
High-performance Transducer, Three Phase Transducer, General Transducer, High Frequency Converter Transducer
Triple
Vector Control Transducer
High Carrier Frequency PWM Control
Current
Low Voltage Variable-Frequency Drive
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Rapeseed Oil Automatic Flowmeter Filling Machine

US$ 3000-5800 / Set
1 Set (MOQ)
Qingzhou Chengde Packing Machinery Co., Ltd.
Qingzhou Chengde Packing Machinery Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Shandong, China

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Provided
One-Year Warrenty
Automatic Flowmeter Filling Machine
Automatic
Edible Vegetable Oil etc
Multi-Head
1/ 6

Favorites

Breeder Falt CE Certified Chicken and Broiler After-Sale Service

US$ 200-240 / Set
10 Sets (MOQ)
Raisetech Co., Ltd.
Raisetech Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Jiangsu, China

  • Manufacturer/Factory & Trading Company

  • ISO9001:2015, ISO45001:2018, ISO14001
Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
New
Grey
Breeding
1 Tier
Plastic
Chicken
1/ 6

Favorites

Eco-Friendly Breeder Chicken Laying Nest with CE Certification for Layers

US$ 200-240 / Set
10 Sets (MOQ)
Raisetech Co., Ltd.
Raisetech Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Jiangsu, China

  • Manufacturer/Factory & Trading Company

  • ISO9001:2015, ISO45001:2018, ISO14001
Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
New
Grey
Breeding
1 Tier
Plastic
Chicken
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

New Fanuc Servo Drive A06b-6250-H011 Via DHL or FedEx 12 Months Warranty

US$ 2000-2400 / Piece
1 Piece (MOQ)
Xiamen YuanZhan Automation Equipment Co., Ltd.
Xiamen YuanZhan Automation Equipment Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Fujian, China

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

5(5.0)

"Fast Delivery"
Fast Delivery
Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Adjust
Combination
Linear
Continuous
Automatic Control
RoHS, CCC, ISO: 9001, CE
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Automatic Pet Food Pistachio Nuts Packing Machine

US$ 18000-25000 / set
1 set (MOQ)
Shanghai Mingrui Mingde Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd
Shanghai Mingrui Mingde Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Shanghai, China

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Lifetime Warranty
One Year
Automatic
Cleaning, Detergent, Cosmetics, Drinks, Skin Care Products, Dairy Products, Hair Care Products, Oil, Tea, Vegetable, Fruit, Fish, Meat, Snack, Rice, Flour, Seasoning
Rotary Packing Machine
Pre-Made Bag
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Multi-Function Rotary Premade Snack Pouch Packing Machine

US$ 18000-25000 / set
1 set (MOQ)
Shanghai Mingrui Mingde Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd
Shanghai Mingrui Mingde Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Shanghai, China

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Lifetime Warranty
One Year
Automatic
Cleaning, Detergent, Cosmetics, Drinks, Skin Care Products, Dairy Products, Hair Care Products, Oil, Tea, Vegetable, Fruit, Fish, Meat, Snack, Rice, Flour, Seasoning
Rotary Packing Machine
Pre-Made Bag
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Icesta Automatic 2 Ton Chiller High Reliable Long Service Life Air Cooled Water Chiller

US$ 17000 / Set
1 Set (MOQ)
Shenzhen Brother Ice System Co., Ltd.
Shenzhen Brother Ice System Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Guangdong, China

  • Manufacturer/Factory & Trading Company

  • ISO9001:2015
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

5(5.0)

"Immediate Response"
Immediate Response
Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Overseas Machinery Service
1year
Air-Cooled
Air-cooled
Integral
380V/50HZ
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Programmable High and Low Temperature and Aging Test Chamber

US$ 500-5000 / Piece
1 Piece (MOQ)
Jialing Instrument Equipment (Shanghai) Co., Ltd
Jialing Instrument Equipment (Shanghai) Co., Ltd
  • China Supplier - Gold Member Gold Member
  • Shanghai, China

View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Provide a Full Set of After-Sales
220/380
CE, TUV, ISO
<+2ºC (No Load)
<+0.5°C (No Load)
0.1ºC
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Power Saving Mexico Screw Air Cooled Water Chiller 60 Tr

US$ 20000-24000 / Piece
1 Piece (MOQ)
Jinan Mgreenbelt Machinery Co., Ltd.
Jinan Mgreenbelt Machinery Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Shandong, China

  • Trading Company

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Online Support
1 Years
Air-Cooled
Screw
Integral
380V/50HZ
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Electrical Product Control Panel Industrial Automation System Solutions

US$ 499-3899 / Set
2 Sets (MOQ)
Yancheng Chierle Automation Machinery Co., Ltd.
Yancheng Chierle Automation Machinery Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Gold Member Gold Member
  • Jiangsu, China

  • Trading Company

View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Program
Combination
Logical Programming
Continuous
Automatic Control, Protection, Monitoring, Measurement
as Client's Request
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Toilet Paper Roll Making and Rewinding Machine Production Line

US$ 25000-58000 / Set
1 Set (MOQ)
Dongguan XYZ Machinery Co., Ltd.
Dongguan XYZ Machinery Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Guangdong, China

  • Manufacturer/Factory & Trading Company

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
1 Year
CE, ISO 9001:2000
New
Automatic
Full-Embossing
Steel Roller
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Toilet Paper Roll Making Machine for High-Speed Production Line - New Automatic Tissue Paper Processing Equipment

US$ 7999-14000 / sets
1 sets (MOQ)
Xuchang Xinjiuzhou Intelligent Equipment Co., Ltd.
Xuchang Xinjiuzhou Intelligent Equipment Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Henan, China

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Tissue Paper Making Machine Standard
5-10 Year
CE, RoHS, ISO 9001:2000, ISO 9001:2008
New
Automatic
Full-Embossing
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

New Design Fully Automatic Pneumatic Four 4 Heads Facial Mask Filling and Filling Machine

US$ 12500-12700 / Set
1 Set (MOQ)
Guangzhou Scmixer Machinery Technology Co., Ltd.
Guangzhou Scmixer Machinery Technology Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Guangdong, China

View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
1year, Offer Technology Support Over 10years
1year, Offer Technology Support Over 10years
Automatic
Cosmetics, Skin Care Products, Dairy Products
Filling and Sealing Machine
Bag Moulding
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Filling and Sealing Snack Packaging Machine

US$ 9000-23000 / set
1 set (MOQ)
Shanghai Mingrui Mingde Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd
Shanghai Mingrui Mingde Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Shanghai, China

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Lifetime Warranty
One Year
Automatic
Cleaning, Detergent, Cosmetics, Drinks, Skin Care Products, Dairy Products, Hair Care Products, Oil, Tea, Vegetable, Fruit, Fish, Meat, Snack, Rice, Flour, Seasoning
Rotary Packing Machine
Pre-Made Bag
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Advanced Smart Robot Controller for Optimal Performance and Flexibility

US$ 500-5000 / Set
1 Set (MOQ)
GSK CNC Equipment Co., Ltd.
GSK CNC Equipment Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Guangdong, China

  • Manufacturer/Factory & Trading Company

View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
1years
1years
Metal,Wood
Metal-Cutting CNC Machine Tools, CNC Non-Conventional Machine Tools, Metal-Forming CNC Machine Tools
Contour Control
Closed-Loop Control
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Industrial Grade Big Diameter Wire Coil Winding Machine

US$ 9300-9900 / Piece
1 Piece (MOQ)
Suzhou Freeman import and export trading Co., Ltd.
Suzhou Freeman import and export trading Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Jiangsu, China

View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
220V
1 Year
240mm
0.2-3.5mm
1500rpm
350mm
465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 Next
Questions & Answers on Control Programming Controller Plc
Q
How can I identify a reliable supplier for electrical control systems from China?
A
Discover the perfect Electrical Control System addition with our Control Programming Controller Plc.To find a reliable supplier in China, conduct thorough research, check certifications and reviews, and request product specifications and samples. Partnering with a reputable supplier guarantees quality products and after-sales support for your projects.
Q
What components are essential in an electrical control system?
A
The Control Programming Controller Plc is a top choice in our Electrical Control System collection.In an electrical control system, essential components include power supplies, relays, circuit breakers, and controllers. These components work together to regulate and monitor electrical processes and machinery, ensuring efficiency and safety.
Q
Why should I consider purchasing electrical control systems wholesale?
A
The Control Programming Controller Plc is a key item within our extensive Electrical Control System selection.Buying electrical control systems wholesale offers cost savings, bulk purchasing benefits, and the option for customized solutions. By purchasing in bulk, you can ensure timely availability for your projects and access premium products from trusted suppliers.

Sourcing Guide for Control Programming Controller Plc:

Our electronics supplier database is a comprehensive list of the key suppliers, manufacturers(factories), wholesalers, trading companies in the electronics industry. Import electrical products from our verified China suppliers with competitive prices. They would supply all of your electrical requirements; You’re sure to find what you need in our broad selection of electrical & electronics, including electronic components, electrical & Telecommunication equipment and electromechanical devices. Amongst the wide range of products for sale choice, Control Programming Controller Plc is one of the hot items. Design engineers or buyers might want to check out various Control Programming Controller Plc factory & manufacturers, who offer lots of related choices such as machine, ac drive and new fanuc. You can also customize Control Programming Controller Plc orders from our OEM/ODM manufacturers. They are experienced China exporters for your online sourcing. Update your electrical products and buy from these credible suppliers with the latest China production technology. We hope to keep every buyer up to date with this fastest moving electronic industry and the latest products trends. You can also contact our buyer service and get some buying guides.

Haven't found what you want?

Easy Sourcing

Post sourcing requests and get quotations quickly.

Product Alert

Stay updated to what's new and popular on the market.
New Selection
Category
Product Features
Product Types
Min Order
OK
Search Within
Task
Structure
Mathematical Model
Signal
Function
Certification
Condition
Customized
Material
Company Features
Member Type
Business Type
R&D Capacity
City

Related Product Categories

Free App: App Store Google Play
Follow Us:
Contact Us:
TradeMessenger:
About Us FAQ Help Site Map Mobile Site
Hot Products China Products China Manufacturers/Suppliers Wholesale Products Wholesale Price Continent Channel Industry Sites Regional Channels Product Index Insights
Language Options: Español Português Français Русский язык Italiano Deutsch Nederlands العربية 한국어 日本語 हिन्दी ภาษาไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt Bahasa Indonesia
User Agreement Declaration Privacy Policy
Copyright © 1998-2025 Focus Technology Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.