Home Manufacturing & Processing Machinery Metal Processing Machinery Parts Locating Type Fixtures Coating Testing Equipment 2025 Product List

Coating Testing Equipment

products found from  trusted manufacturers & suppliers
View:

List View

Gallery View
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Industrial Pain Coating with Blowing and Suction Dust Removal Machine Board-End Connector Assembly and Testing Equipment

US$ 100000-90000000 / Piece
1 Piece (MOQ)
Dongguan Zhongyao Automation Equipment Co., Ltd.
Dongguan Zhongyao Automation Equipment Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Guangdong, China

  • Manufacturer/Factory & Trading Company

  • ISO9001:2015
Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
One-Year Warranty
Automatic
Electric + Pneumatic
12 Months
≥ 90%
Industrial Gray Paint
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Outdoor Fitness Equipment for Stretcher Testing with Zinc-Powder Coating

US$ 240-260 / Piece
1 Piece (MOQ)
Sanhe City Guiyuxing Sporting Goods Co., Ltd.
Sanhe City Guiyuxing Sporting Goods Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Hebei, China

  • Manufacturer/Factory & Trading Company

  • ISO9001:2015, ISO14001
Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Arm
Aerobic
Pliable
Steel
Park, Community, Square, School
Medium
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Advanced Testing Equipment Eddy Current Coating Thickness Gauge

US$ 360-370 / Piece
1 Piece (MOQ)
Hebei Suozhou Import and Export Co., Ltd.
Hebei Suozhou Import and Export Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Hebei, China

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Lifetime Maintenance - After The Warranty Period,
2 Year
Eddy Current Coating Thickness Gauge
0-1200um
<3% ± 1um
1um
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Factory Directly Supply Advanced Testing Equipment Galvanized Coating Adhesion Performance Tester

US$ 540 / Piece
1 Piece (MOQ)
Hebei Suozhou Import and Export Co., Ltd.
Hebei Suozhou Import and Export Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Hebei, China

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Lifetime Maintenance - After The Warranty Period,
2 Year
Galvanized Coating Adhesion Performance Tester
45 Steel
Oak
22×22×35cm
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Ec-770se Digital Professional Coating Thickness Gauge Testing Equipment

US$ 73.8-98.4 / Piece
1 Piece (MOQ)
Shenzhen Yowexa Measurement Technology Co., Ltd.
Shenzhen Yowexa Measurement Technology Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Guangdong, China

View larger video & image

View larger video & image

5(5.0)

"Fast Delivery"
Fast Delivery
Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Technical Support
1 Year
Coating Thickness Gauge
ABS
0~2000μm
0~99.9um(0.1um), Others(1um)
1/ 6

Favorites

Factory Customized Equipment for Testing The Installation of Screws, Buckles, and Adhesive Coating on Car Tailboards. Assembly Line for Automotive Interior Func

US$ 70000 / Set
1 Set (MOQ)
Qingdao Chuancheng Precision Electromechanical Co., Ltd.
Qingdao Chuancheng Precision Electromechanical Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Gold Member Gold Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Shandong, China

View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Multiple Varieties
Continuous
New
Automatic
No Overseas Service Provided
AV220V50-60Hz
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

6-Station Pulling DIP Coating Testing Equipment

US$ 1900-4500 / Piece
1 Piece (MOQ)
Dongguan Hongjin Test Instrument Co., Ltd.
Dongguan Hongjin Test Instrument Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Gold Member Gold Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Guangdong, China

View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Lifetime Maintenance
<900kg
DIP Testing Equipment
1
Electronic Load
Static Load
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Water Testing Equipment for Testing Water Resistance of Coatings

US$ 3000-6000 / Piece
1 Piece (MOQ)
UBY Industrial Co., Ltd.
UBY Industrial Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Gold Member Gold Member
  • Guangdong, China

View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
One Year Warranty, Lifetime Maintenance
220V
CE, TUV, ISO
3 Years
Used for Waterproof Test of Enclosure Protection
Professional Export Packaging
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Steam Aging Test Equipment for Chemical Coating Testing Chamber

US$ 1500-3000 / Set
1 Set (MOQ)
Guangdong Yuanyao Test Equipment Co., Ltd.
Guangdong Yuanyao Test Equipment Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Gold Member Gold Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Guangdong, China

View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
5cm
2kg
Material Testing Machine
N/a
0.5
N/a
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Precision Testing Equipment Factory Custom Galvanized Coating Adhesion Performance Impact Hammer

US$ 540 / Piece
1 Piece (MOQ)
Hebei Suozhou Import and Export Co., Ltd.
Hebei Suozhou Import and Export Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Hebei, China

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Lifetime Maintenance - After The Warranty Period,
2 Year
Galvanized Coating Adhesion Performance Tester
45 Steel
Oak
22×22×35cm
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Skz307 Laboratory Digital Touch Screen Auto Paper Plastic Metal Coating Coater Test Machine Testing Equipment

US$ 2500 / Piece
1 Piece (MOQ)
SKZ International Co., Ltd.
SKZ International Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Shandong, China

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

5(5.0)

"Good Service"
Good Service
Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
1 Year
Digital
Skz307 Coating Test Machine
0.003mm
0-10mm (Scraper Can Be Lifted up and Down)
0-140mm/S (Stepless)
1/ 6

Favorites

Non Stick Cookware Coating Abrasion Resistance Testing Equipment

US$ 299-2999 / Piece
1 Piece (MOQ)
Dongguan Youbi Test Equipment Co.,Ltd
Dongguan Youbi Test Equipment Co.,Ltd
  • China Supplier - Gold Member Gold Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Guangdong, China

  • Trading Company

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Support Remote Online Service, Online Video Servic
Support Remote Online Service, Online Video Servic
OEM ODM
Chinese and English
1 PCS
Cookware,Coating,Painting and etc.
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Lhcx-8826f Testing Equipment Magnetic Coating Thickness Gauge

US$ 360-370 / Piece
1 Piece (MOQ)
Hebei Suozhou Import and Export Co., Ltd.
Hebei Suozhou Import and Export Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Hebei, China

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Lifetime Maintenance - After The Warranty Period,
2 Year
Magnetic Coating Thickness Gauge
F1
0-1250um
0.1um
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

High Quality Reliable Testing Equipment Galvanized Coating Adhesion Performance Tester

US$ 540 / Piece
1 Piece (MOQ)
Hebei Suozhou Import and Export Co., Ltd.
Hebei Suozhou Import and Export Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Hebei, China

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Lifetime Maintenance - After The Warranty Period,
2 Year
Galvanized Coating Adhesion Performance Tester
45 Steel
Oak
22×22×35cm
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Factory Sale Testing Machine Magnetic Coating Thickness Gauge Testing Equipment

US$ 360-370 / Piece
1 Piece (MOQ)
Hebei Suozhou Import and Export Co., Ltd.
Hebei Suozhou Import and Export Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Hebei, China

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Lifetime Maintenance - After The Warranty Period,
2 Year
Magnetic Coating Thickness Gauge
F1
0-1250um
0.1um
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

OEM Automotive Testing Equipment for Precision Engineering Needs

US$ 1.57-3.82 / pieces
1 pieces (MOQ)
Suzhou Aitemoss Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd
Suzhou Aitemoss Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Jiangsu, China

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

5(5.0)

"On-time Delivery"
On-time Delivery
Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
1 Year
New
ISO9001
GB
Customized
Aluminum
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

70kv High Voltage Mini Powder Coating Gun Machine Equipment for Testing

US$ 143-168 / Piece
1 Piece (MOQ)
Jiangsu Xintu Machinery Co., Ltd.
Jiangsu Xintu Machinery Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Gold Member Gold Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Jiangsu, China

  • Manufacturer/Factory & Trading Company

  • ISO14001
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

5(5.0)

"Fast Dispatch"
Fast Dispatch
Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Best Service According to Customer's Requiremnt
1 Year
Powder Coating Machine
Powder Coating
Steel
CE, ISO, SGS
1/ 6

Favorites

Superficial Rockwell Hardness Testing Equipment for Coating

1 SET (MOQ)
Sinowon Innovation Metrology Manufacture Limited
Sinowon Innovation Metrology Manufacture Limited
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Guangdong, China

View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Rockwell Hardness Tester
Hr45n, Hr45t
Metal, Plastic
ISO, ASTM
1 Year
Desktop
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Industrial Pain Coating with Bending Function Machine Board-End Connector Assembly and Testing Equipment

US$ 100000-90000000 / Piece
1 Piece (MOQ)
Dongguan Zhongyao Automation Equipment Co., Ltd.
Dongguan Zhongyao Automation Equipment Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Guangdong, China

  • Manufacturer/Factory & Trading Company

  • ISO9001:2015
Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
One-Year Warranty
Automatic
Electric + Pneumatic
12 Months
≥ 90%
Industrial Gray Paint
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

High Precision Innovative Testing Equipment Eddy Current Coating Thickness Gauge

US$ 360-370 / Piece
1 Piece (MOQ)
Hebei Suozhou Import and Export Co., Ltd.
Hebei Suozhou Import and Export Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Hebei, China

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Lifetime Maintenance - After The Warranty Period,
2 Year
Eddy Current Coating Thickness Gauge
0-1200um
<3% ± 1um
1um
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Online Wholesale Innovative Testing Equipment Lhtc-3 Coating Impact Resistance Test Device

US$ 720 / Piece
1 Piece (MOQ)
Hebei Suozhou Import and Export Co., Ltd.
Hebei Suozhou Import and Export Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Hebei, China

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Lifetime Maintenance - After The Warranty Period,
2 Year
<500mm
<900kg
Universal Testing Machine
<1000KN
1/ 6

Favorites

Compact Powder Coating Testing Equipment for Quality Assurance

US$ 899-999 / Piece
1 Piece (MOQ)
Dezhou Aohai Coating Equipment Co., Ltd.
Dezhou Aohai Coating Equipment Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Shandong, China

View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Yes
12 Months
Coating Spray Gun
Powder Coating
Steel
CE, ISO
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

High Quality OEM Advanced Testing Equipment Lhtc-3 Coating Impact Resistance Test Device

US$ 720 / Piece
1 Piece (MOQ)
Hebei Suozhou Import and Export Co., Ltd.
Hebei Suozhou Import and Export Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Hebei, China

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Lifetime Maintenance - After The Warranty Period,
2 Year
<500mm
<900kg
Universal Testing Machine
<1000KN
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Fast Delivery High Precision Testing Equipment Eddy Current Coating Thickness Gauge

US$ 360-370 / Piece
1 Piece (MOQ)
Hebei Suozhou Import and Export Co., Ltd.
Hebei Suozhou Import and Export Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Hebei, China

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Lifetime Maintenance - After The Warranty Period,
2 Year
Eddy Current Coating Thickness Gauge
0-1200um
<3% ± 1um
1um
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Testing Equipment Manufacturer Beat Price Eddy Current Coating Thickness Gauge

US$ 360-370 / Piece
1 Piece (MOQ)
Hebei Suozhou Import and Export Co., Ltd.
Hebei Suozhou Import and Export Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Hebei, China

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Lifetime Maintenance - After The Warranty Period,
2 Year
Eddy Current Coating Thickness Gauge
0-1200um
<3% ± 1um
1um
1/ 6

Favorites

Small Coating Machine Wire Rod Coating Testing Machine Automatic Film Coating Machine

US$ 10000 / Set
1 Set (MOQ)
Xiamen Tmax Battery Equipments Limited
Xiamen Tmax Battery Equipments Limited
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Fujian, China

View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
1 year
1 year
Blade Coater
Electric
Automatic
Wood
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Lab Testing Powder Coating Booth and Oven Package Equipment for Motorcycle Parts

US$ 2500-3000 / Piece
1 Piece (MOQ)
Hangzhou Feifu Import and Export Co., Ltd.
Hangzhou Feifu Import and Export Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Gold Member Gold Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Zhejiang, China

  • Manufacturer/Factory & Trading Company

View larger video & image

View larger video & image

5(5.0)

"Fast Dispatch"
Fast Dispatch
Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Metal Spraying Equipment
CE, ISO
12 Moths
Lab Testing Powder Coating Booth and Oven Package
220V-240V
50-60Hz
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Professional Coating Layers Salt Spray Testing Equipment for Corrosion

US$ 1500-30000 / Set
1 Set (MOQ)
Guangdong Yuanyao Test Equipment Co., Ltd.
Guangdong Yuanyao Test Equipment Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Gold Member Gold Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Guangdong, China

View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Available
12months
900mm
<900kg
Salt Spray Testing Machine
N/a
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Small Powder Coating Equipment for Testing Job

US$ 1300-1530 / Piece
1 Piece (MOQ)
Hangzhou Feifu Import and Export Co., Ltd.
Hangzhou Feifu Import and Export Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Gold Member Gold Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Zhejiang, China

  • Manufacturer/Factory & Trading Company

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

5(5.0)

"On-time Delivery"
On-time Delivery
Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Yes
12 Months
Coating Spray Gun
Powder Coating
Iron
CE, ISO
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Good Quality Best Price Galvanized Coating Adhesion Winding Testing Equipment

US$ 2800-2900 / Piece
1 Piece (MOQ)
Hebei Suozhou Import and Export Co., Ltd.
Hebei Suozhou Import and Export Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Hebei, China

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Lifetime Maintenance - After The Warranty Period,
2 Year
Galvanized Layer Adhesion Winding Testing Machine
2 to 20 Turns Per Minute
10n-100n
6mm, 10mm, 20mm, 25mm
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Next
Questions & Answers on Coating Testing Equipment
Q
What are the common materials used in metal processing machinery parts manufacturing?
A
Our Coating Testing Equipment offers exceptional quality within the Metal Processing Machinery Parts category.Metal processing machinery parts are often crafted from materials such as steel, aluminum, and titanium. Each material brings its unique properties in terms of durability, strength, and cost factor. Engaging with reputable suppliers or manufacturers can offer insights on material selection.
Q
How can I source top-quality metal processing machinery parts from China?
A
The Coating Testing Equipment is a top choice in our Metal Processing Machinery Parts collection.Finding top-quality metal processing machinery parts from China can be accomplished by leveraging online platforms, attending industry exhibitions, or utilizing supplier directories. It is crucial to validate supplier credentials and request samples to affirm quality. Collaborating with a reputable manufacturer also ensures reliability.
Q
What advantages come with purchasing metal processing machinery parts wholesale?
A
The Coating Testing Equipment is a key item within our extensive Metal Processing Machinery Parts selection.When you opt to purchase metal processing machinery parts wholesale, you benefit from volume discounts, consistent product quality, and customization options. Wholesale transactions often offer competitive pricing and the assurance of acquiring preferred components from dependable suppliers.

You may also be interested in

China Machine Equipment China Equipment And System Steel Equipment Production Equipment Machine Equipment Control Food Equipment Construction Equipment Metal Equipment Kitchen Equipment Hardware Equipment Equipment Part Mining Equipment Process Equipment Mineral Equipment Plastic Testing Equipment

Wholesale & Price

Wholesale Steel Castings Wholesale Sewing Machine Wholesale Spray Machine Wholesale Stainless Steel Forging Textile Testing Equipment Price Shock Test Equipment Price Electronic Universal Testing Machine Price Aluminum Parts Price Sand Casting Factory Stamping Parts Factory
More

Sourcing Guide for Coating Testing Equipment:

China manufacturing industries are full of strong and consistent exporters. We are here to bring together China factories that supply manufacturing systems and machinery that are used by processing industries including but not limited to: testing equipment, advanced testing equipment, precision testing equipment. Here we are going to show you some of the process equipments for sale that featured by our reliable suppliers and manufacturers, such as Coating Testing Equipment. We will do everything we can just to keep every buyer updated with this highly competitive industry & factory and its latest trends. Whether you are for group or individual sourcing, we will provide you with the latest technology and the comprehensive data of Chinese suppliers like Coating Testing Equipment factory list to enhance your sourcing performance in the business line of manufacturing & processing machinery.

Haven't found what you want?

Easy Sourcing

Post sourcing requests and get quotations quickly.

Product Alert

Stay updated to what's new and popular on the market.
New Selection
Category
Product Features
Product Types
Min Order
OK
Search Within
Power
Company Features
Member Type
Business Type
R&D Capacity
City

Related Product Categories

Popular Searches

Free App: App Store Google Play
Follow Us:
Contact Us:
TradeMessenger:
About Us FAQ Help Site Map Mobile Site
Hot Products China Products China Manufacturers/Suppliers Wholesale Products Wholesale Price Continent Channel Industry Sites Regional Channels Product Index Insights
Language Options: Español Português Français Русский язык Italiano Deutsch Nederlands العربية 한국어 日本語 हिन्दी ภาษาไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt Bahasa Indonesia
User Agreement Declaration Privacy Policy
Copyright © 1998-2025 Focus Technology Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.