Home Construction & Decoration Plastic Floor Polyvinyl Chloride Flooring Pvc Layer 2025 Product List

Pvc Layer

products found from  trusted manufacturers & suppliers
View:

List View

Gallery View
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Chinese Factory Manufactured 0.3mm 0.5mm 0.7mm Whole Thickness Raw Materials for Spc/Vinyl/Lvt Laminate Flooring PVC Wear-Resisting Layer

US$ 1135-1150 / Ton
1 Ton (MOQ)
Romeroca Industry Co., Limited
Romeroca Industry Co., Limited
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Jiangsu, China

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
3 Year
3 Year
Anti Scratch
ISO
Floor, Furniture, Door
Transparent
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Wind Protection Fence Privacy Screen, 35m Opaque PVC Fence Layer

US$ 5.88-10.88 / Set
500 Sets (MOQ)
Haining Tiansai Tent Material Co., Ltd.
Haining Tiansai Tent Material Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Shanghai, China

  • Manufacturer/Factory & Trading Company

View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Plastic
Customized
Easily Assembled, Eco Friendly, Waterproof, Renewable Sources, Rot Proof
Customized
PVC
Customized
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Waterproof PVC Roll 1.2mm 1.5mm Thickness Single Layer

US$ 0.01-2.8 / Piece
100 Pieces (MOQ)
Shandong Chenhua Waterproof Co., Ltd.
Shandong Chenhua Waterproof Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Shandong, China

  • Manufacturer/Factory & Trading Company

View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Unexposed /Exposed Building
1 Year
PVC
Online Technical Support
1.2mm 1.5mm 2.0mm
Professional Factory Since 1994
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

0.3mm 0.5mm 0.7mm Thickness PVC Wear-Resisting Layer for Spc Production Line

US$ 1135-1150 / Ton
1 Ton (MOQ)
Romeroca Industry Co., Limited
Romeroca Industry Co., Limited
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Jiangsu, China

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
3 Year
3 Year
Anti Scratch
ISO
Floor, Furniture, Door
Transparent
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

0.3mm 0.5mm 0.7mm Raw Materials for Spc/Vinyl/Lvt Laminate Flooring PVC Wear-Resisting Layer

US$ 1135-1150 / Ton
1 Ton (MOQ)
Romeroca Industry Co., Limited
Romeroca Industry Co., Limited
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Jiangsu, China

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
3 Year
3 Year
Anti Scratch
ISO
Floor, Furniture, Door
Transparent
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Melamine Wear- Resisting Layer for PVC Flooring Spc Flooring Production Line

US$ 1.65-1.73 / pcs
3000 pcs (MOQ)
Romeroca Industry Co., Limited
Romeroca Industry Co., Limited
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Jiangsu, China

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Anti Scratch
ISO
Floor, Furniture, Door
Transparent
Not Self-Adhesive
Wooden Pallet & Wooden Case
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Hot Sale Manufactured 0.3mm 0.5mm 0.7mm Whole Thickness PVC Wear Resisting Layer for Spc Lvt Flooring Production

US$ 1135-1150 / Ton
1 Ton (MOQ)
Romeroca Industry Co., Limited
Romeroca Industry Co., Limited
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Jiangsu, China

View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
3 Year
3 Year
Anti Scratch
ISO
Floor, Furniture, Door
Transparent
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Factory Supply 0.3mm 0.5mm 0.7mm Thickness PVC Wear Resisting Layer for Spc Floor

US$ 1250-1280 / Ton
1 Ton (MOQ)
Romeroca Industry Co., Limited
Romeroca Industry Co., Limited
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Jiangsu, China

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Onsite Training, Onsite Installation
3 Year
Printing
Soft
Opaque
Embossed
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Factory Supply PVC Wear- Resisting Layer for PVC Flooring Spc Flooring

US$ 1.65-1.73 / pcs
3000 pcs (MOQ)
Romeroca Industry Co., Limited
Romeroca Industry Co., Limited
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Jiangsu, China

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Anti Scratch
ISO
Floor, Furniture, Door
Transparent
Not Self-Adhesive
Wooden Pallet & Wooden Case
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Spc Lvt Flooring Anti-Resisting PVC Wear Layer 0.3mm 0.1mm

US$ 1.65-1.73 / pcs
3000 pcs (MOQ)
Romeroca Industry Co., Limited
Romeroca Industry Co., Limited
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Jiangsu, China

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Anti Scratch
ISO
Floor, Furniture, Door
Transparent
Not Self-Adhesive
Wooden Pallet & Wooden Case
1/ 6

Favorites

PVC Wear- Resisting Layer for PVC Flooring Spc Flooring

US$ 1.65-1.73 / Meter
3000 Meters (MOQ)
Romeroca Industry Co., Limited
Romeroca Industry Co., Limited
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Jiangsu, China

View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Anti Scratch
ISO
Floor, Furniture, Door
Transparent
Not Self-Adhesive
Wooden Pallet & Wooden Case
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Overlay Top Surface PVC Resisting Wear Layer for Spc/Lvt Flooring Raw Materials

US$ 1135-1150 / Ton
1 Ton (MOQ)
Romeroca Industry Co., Limited
Romeroca Industry Co., Limited
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Jiangsu, China

View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
3 Year
3 Year
Anti Scratch
ISO
Floor, Furniture, Door
Transparent
1/ 6

Favorites

Custom PVC Transparent Film Price Vinyl Flooring Wear Layer

US$ 1.65-1.73 / Meter
3000 Meters (MOQ)
Romeroca Industry Co., Limited
Romeroca Industry Co., Limited
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Jiangsu, China

View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Anti Scratch
ISO
Floor, Furniture, Door
Transparent
Not Self-Adhesive
Wooden Pallet & Wooden Case
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

PVC Waterproof Layer for New or Re-Roofing Waterproofing with ISO CE

US$ 4-6.5 / Square Meter
500 Square Meters (MOQ)
Shandong Mile Building Materials Co., Ltd.
Shandong Mile Building Materials Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Gold Member Gold Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Shandong, China

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

5(5.0)

"Fast Dispatch"
Fast Dispatch
Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
ISO, MSDS, CE, CE
White
PVC, PVC
1m 2m 3m 4m
20m or Customized
Flexible and Temparature Resistance
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Factory Hot Selling PVC Wear-Resisting Layer for Spc Flooring Boards

US$ 1135-1150 / Ton
1 Ton (MOQ)
Romeroca Industry Co., Limited
Romeroca Industry Co., Limited
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Jiangsu, China

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
3 Year
3 Year
Anti Scratch
ISO
Floor, Furniture, Door
Transparent
1/ 6

Favorites

Premium PVC Wear-Resistant Layer for Laminate Flooring Solutions

US$ 1.65-1.73 / Meter
3000 Meters (MOQ)
Romeroca Industry Co., Limited
Romeroca Industry Co., Limited
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Jiangsu, China

View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Anti Scratch
ISO
Floor, Furniture, Door
Transparent
Not Self-Adhesive
Wooden Pallet & Wooden Case
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Chinese Factory Manufactured 0.3mm 0.5mm 0.7mm PVC Wear-Resistant Layer for Spc Floor

US$ 1071-1096 / Ton
1 Ton (MOQ)
Changzhou Ate New Materials Technology Co., Ltd.
Changzhou Ate New Materials Technology Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Gold Member Gold Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Jiangsu, China

View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
3-6 Months
3-6 Months
Anti Scratch
SGS
Floor
Transparent
1/ 6

Favorites

Automatic Cage Rising Broiler Layer Chicken Farm (Q345B/Q235B)

US$ 25-85 / Square Meter
300 Square Meters (MOQ)
Qingdao Xinguangzheng Steel Structure Co., Ltd.
Qingdao Xinguangzheng Steel Structure Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Shandong, China

  • Manufacturer/Factory

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Tapered/ Hot Rolled H Section Beam and Column
Hot DIP Galvanized C/Z Purline
Hot DIP Galvanized or Anti-Rust Painted
Corrugated Steel Sheet or Sandwich Panel
50 Years
Slding Door or Electric Rolling Shutter Door
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Factory Supply Sealed Elastic PC Front Graphic Faceplate Shielding Layer for Conductivity Meters

US$ 0.13 / Piece
100 Pieces (MOQ)
Xiamen Xinbixi Electronic Technology Co., Ltd
Xiamen Xinbixi Electronic Technology Co., Ltd
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Fujian, China

View larger video & image

View larger video & image

5(5.0)

"Fast Delivery"
Fast Delivery
Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Graphic Overlays
Polycarbonate/Polyester/PVC
Screen Printing/Digital Printing/UV Printing
Durability/Flexibility/Adhesion/Abrasion Resistant
Medicine, Custom Graphic Overlay
Pantone, Ral, Cmyk
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Rvw Double-Layer Orange Fire Wirecable, Highly Flexible, Suitable Forvarious Electrical Connections

US$ 0.5-8 / Meter
500 Meters (MOQ)
Anhui Changlu Special Cable Co., Ltd.
Anhui Changlu Special Cable Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Anhui, China

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Insulated
Stranded
Overhead
Copper
PVC
PVC
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Custom Good Stability Click Touch PC Industrial Membrane Sticker Layers for Gym Instruments

US$ 2 / Piece
100 Pieces (MOQ)
Xiamen Xinbixi Electronic Technology Co., Ltd
Xiamen Xinbixi Electronic Technology Co., Ltd
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Fujian, China

View larger video & image

View larger video & image

5(5.0)

"On-time Delivery"
On-time Delivery
Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Flexible
FPC
PC
Change-over Switch, Control Switch, User Interface
Home Appliance, Telecommunication Equipment, With Remote Control, Consumer Electronics
FPC Terminal Connector
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Rvw Double Layer Orange Fire Bulwire - Highly Flexible and Durablecable Solution

US$ 0.5-8 / Meter
500 Meters (MOQ)
Anhui Changlu Special Cable Co., Ltd.
Anhui Changlu Special Cable Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Anhui, China

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Insulated
Stranded
Overhead
Copper
PVC
PVC
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Orange Rvw Double-Layer Fire Bullwire -Professional Electrical Cablemanufacturer, Providing Reliableelectrical Solutions

US$ 0.5-8 / Meter
500 Meters (MOQ)
Anhui Changlu Special Cable Co., Ltd.
Anhui Changlu Special Cable Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Anhui, China

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Insulated
Stranded
Overhead
Copper
PVC
PVC
1/ 2

Favorites

F4040A 3.0X6.0mm 1/8X1/4inch Multi - Layer Low Permeation Fuelline

US$ 1 / Roll
3000 Rolls (MOQ)
Ningbo Eastar Electromechanical Industrial Trading Co., Ltd.
Ningbo Eastar Electromechanical Industrial Trading Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Zhejiang, China

View larger video & image

View larger video & image

5(5.0)

"Fast Delivery"
Fast Delivery
Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
RoHS, CE, ISO, CCC
Gasoline
Fuel Line System
PVC
3.0X6.0mm
1/8X1/4inch
1/ 6

Favorites

Colorful Two Layers PVC Layflat Sunny Water Hos

US$ 0.2-6.35 / Meter
3000 Meters (MOQ)
DONGYING ZHONGBANG RUBBER&PLASTIC CO., LTD.
DONGYING ZHONGBANG RUBBER&PLASTIC CO., LTD.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Shandong, China

View larger video & image

View larger video & image

5(5.0)

"Fast Dispatch"
Fast Dispatch
Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Within 24hours
1year
PVC
PVC Layflat Hose
Blue,Yellow, Red,Green,Black and So on
PVC Fiber Reinforced Hose
1/ 6

Favorites

PVC Vinyl Floor Covering 0.5mm Thickness Wear Layer

US$ 1260-1310 / Ton
1 Ton (MOQ)
Jiangsu Dahai Plastic Co., Ltd.
Jiangsu Dahai Plastic Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Jiangsu, China

  • Manufacturer/Factory & Trading Company

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
PVC
Calendered Film
Transparent
Soft
Multiple Extrusion
0.11-0.50mm
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Strong Edge PVC Coated Portable Pool Fabric Layer for Safety Pool

US$ 0.6-1.8 / Meter
1000 Meters (MOQ)
Haining Huajiao Coating Material Co., Ltd.
Haining Huajiao Coating Material Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Gold Member Gold Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Zhejiang, China

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Water Proof, Water Resistant, Tear-Resistant, Sustainable, Stain Resistant, Quic
Coating
Heavy Weight
Portable Pool
PVC Coated Portable Pool Fabric Layer
PVC Coated Tarpaulin
1/ 6

Favorites

PVC Lamination Film Membrane Foil Wear-Resisting Layer Producing Waterproof Antiwear

US$ 1260-1310 / Ton
1 Ton (MOQ)
Jiangsu Dahai Plastic Co., Ltd.
Jiangsu Dahai Plastic Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Jiangsu, China

  • Manufacturer/Factory & Trading Company

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
PVC
Calendered Film
Transparent
Soft
Multiple Extrusion
0.11-0.50mm
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Tear Resistant PVC Coated Portable Pool Fabric Layer for Long Term Use

US$ 0.6-1.8 / Meter
1000 Meters (MOQ)
Haining Huajiao Coating Material Co., Ltd.
Haining Huajiao Coating Material Co., Ltd.
  • China Supplier - Gold Member Gold Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Zhejiang, China

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
Water Proof, Water Resistant, Tear-Resistant, Sustainable, Stain Resistant, Quic
Coating
Heavy Weight
Portable Pool
PVC Coated Portable Pool Tarpaulin Roll
PVC Coated Tarpaulin
Video 1/ 6

Favorites

Spc Vinyl Lvt Laminate Flooring PVC Wear-Resisting Layer From China

US$ 1135-1150 / Ton
1 Ton (MOQ)
Romeroca Industry Co., Limited
Romeroca Industry Co., Limited
  • China Supplier - Diamond Member Diamond Member
  • Audited SupplierAudited Supplier
  • Secured Trading Secured Trading
  • Jiangsu, China

Secured Trading Service

Enjoy trading protection from Made-in-China.com
View larger video & image

View larger video & image

Contact Now

Add to inquiry basket to compare.
3 Year
3 Year
Anti Scratch
ISO
Floor, Furniture, Door
Transparent
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Next
Questions & Answers on Pvc Layer
Q
How to determine the quality of Plastic Floor suppliers in China?
A
The Pvc Layer is classified under our comprehensive Plastic Floor range.To ensure the quality of Plastic Floor suppliers in China, check their certifications, customer reviews, and years of experience. Request samples for testing and compare quotes from multiple suppliers. Partnering with well-known manufacturers can boost reliability and quality assurance for your construction & decoration projects.
Q
What advantages come with wholesale purchase options for Plastic Floors?
A
Discover the perfect Plastic Floor addition with our Pvc Layer.By opting for wholesale purchases of Plastic Floors, you can enjoy bulk pricing, a wide range of design options, and guaranteed product availability. Volume discounts and customization services from reputable suppliers enhance your crafting & decoration efficiencies while ensuring consistent quality for your projects.
Q
What types of Plastic Flooring are available for construction & decoration projects?
A
The Pvc Layer is a standout piece in our Plastic Floor collection.Plastic Floors for construction & decoration come in various types such as PVC, vinyl, and composite materials. Different kinds offer unique features like moisture resistance, durability, and easy maintenance. To ensure the optimal choice for your project needs, consult and discuss with trusted suppliers.

You may also be interested in

China PVC Wood China Pvc Packing Material Aluminum Pvc Pvc Wall PVC Waterproof Material Pvc Decoration Pvc Package Waterproof Layer Layer Panel Top Layer Glass Layer Insulation Layer Wear Layer Layer House Thin Layer

Wholesale & Price

Wholesale Pvc Window Wholesale Pvc Steel Wholesale Pvc Vinyl Flooring Wholesale Pvc Fence Pvc Items Price Pvc Polyvinyl Chloride Price Pvc Goods Price Pvc New Product Price Pvc Ceiling Factory Pvc Packing Factory
More

Sourcing Guide for Pvc Layer:

Explore the widest collection of home decoration and construction products on sale. A home is more than just a house, and decor is more than just furnishings. Home decoration is an art and reveals a lot about the choices and preferences of individuals. You have a huge variety of products to experience with such as China Pvc Layer listed above and its similar choices: wear-resisting layer, melamine paper, wear-resistant paper film. Match them with the top quality Chinese Pvc Layer factory & manufacturers list and more here. Get a fresh perspective for this Online Shopping industry by learning the newest ideas and trends in house architecture, interior decorating in our trade resources center. Import from competitive home decor suppliers from China and freshen up your sourcing list with innovative new home designs and materials. Get Inspired!

Haven't found what you want?

Easy Sourcing

Post sourcing requests and get quotations quickly.

Product Alert

Stay updated to what's new and popular on the market.
New Selection
Category
Product Features
Product Types
Min Order
OK
Search Within
Material
Transparency
Hardness
Molding method
Company Features
Member Type
Business Type
R&D Capacity
City

Related Product Categories

Popular Searches

Free App: App Store Google Play
Follow Us:
Contact Us:
TradeMessenger:
About Us FAQ Help Site Map Mobile Site
Hot Products China Products China Manufacturers/Suppliers Wholesale Products Wholesale Price Continent Channel Industry Sites Regional Channels Product Index Insights
Language Options: Español Português Français Русский язык Italiano Deutsch Nederlands العربية 한국어 日本語 हिन्दी ภาษาไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt Bahasa Indonesia
User Agreement Declaration Privacy Policy
Copyright © 1998-2025 Focus Technology Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.