HomeSupplier Discoveryarrow-rightHealth & Medicinearrow-rightSurgical Suppliesarrow-rightId Tubes Factories & Companies
Filter
Category
More
Management Certification
More
R&D Capacity
Annual Revenue
More
No.of Employees
More
Province & Region
More
about id tubes
  • Technological Innovation
  • Reliable Supply Chains
  • Substantial Manufacturing Capabilities

id tubes2,000+ factories verified

Qingzhou Dooharvest International Co., Ltd.

Main Products:
Honed Tube, Piston Rod, Hard Chrome Rod, Cylinder Components, Casting Gland, Casting Piston
Country/Region:
Shandong, China
R&D Capacity:
OEM/ODM Service
Sample Service:
Sample Available
Company Profile:
Professional manufacturer of Honed tube, chrome rod, founded in 2004, operation under modern management system and technologies, ISO9001 certificated, It covers an area of 40, 000 sq. Meters.

Suzhou Honychem Specialties Manufacture Co., Ltd.

5.0
Main Products:
Silicone Seal, Rubber Seal, Silicone Parts, Silicone Tube, Rubber O Ring, Silicone Keyboard, Silicone Rubber Keyboard Button, Rubber Gasket, Silicone Rubber, Rubber Parts
Country/Region:
Jiangsu, China
R&D Capacity:
OEM/ODM Service
Sample Service:
Sample Available
Company Profile:
Suzhou Honychem Specialties Manufacturing Co., Ltd is a comprehensive enterprise integrating design, research and development, production, sales and service. It is a professional Silicone Products Manufacturer with over 15 years.

Ningbo Langchi New Materials Technology Co Ltd

7 yrs·5.0
·Manufacturer/Factory & Trading Company
Main Products:
Thermoplastic Tube
Country/Region:
Zhejiang, China
R&D Capacity:
OEM/ODM Service
Sample Service:
Sample Available
Company Profile:
Established in 2012, we are a professional manufacturer specializing in high-performance thermoplastic tube solutions, located in Cixi, Zhejiang, China. With a land area of 8, 000 square meters and a building area of 11, 000 square meters, our factory is equipped to support large-scale production while maintaining flexibility for customized manufacturing. Over the years, we have developed into a comprehensive enterprise integrating research and development, production, sales, international trade, and technical service.

Fujian Bluesky Pipe Manufacturing Co., Ltd.

15 yrs
·Manufacturer/Factory & Trading Company
Main Products:
Seamless Steel Pipe/Tube, Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe/Tube, Precision Seamless Steel Pipe/Tube, Seamless Pipe/Tube, Alloy Steel Pipe/Tube
Country/Region:
Fujian, China
R&D Capacity:
OEM/ODM Service
Sample Service:
Sample Available
Company Profile:
Fujian Bluesky Pipe Fittings Manufacturing Co., Ltd. is a modern enterprise integrating scientific research, development, design and production, and has a complete scientific management system.

He Bei Hong An Automobile & Motorcycle Fittings Co.,Ltd.

28 yrs
·Manufacturer/Factory & Trading Company
Main Products:
Rubber Seal Strip, Rubber Hose, Silicone Hose, PU Bumper, Engine Mount, Cable, Plastic Parts
Country/Region:
Hebei, China
Sample Service:
Sample Available
Company Profile:
Hebei HongAn Automobile and Motorcycle Fittings Co., Ltd. Was established in 1999. Now it has several strategic products including rubber radiator hose, heater hose, full-vehicle sealing strips, weatherstrip, and oil hose, as well as other main rubber and plastic products, like sealing strips, engine mounting and rubber boots, shock absorber, etc. We have advanced automated production equipment and testing laboratories, which effectively guarantees product quality. Hongan always regards product quality as the foundation of enterprise development. Relying on the Qinghe Auto Parts Industry Cluster in Hebei Province, HongAn seizes the opportunity to continuously improve itself. After 20 years of development, Hongan has provided supporting products for many well-known domestic automobile OEM manufacturers, and has established long-term cooperative relations with famous American brand companies. Our products are exported to more than 90 countries and regions including Europe, the United States, Japan and South Korea. HongAn is positioning the manufacture and sales of rubber and plastic auto parts now. Based on industrial, geographical and technological advantages, we focus on creating three major markets: MID-end OE quality market, domestic wholesale market, and international auto parts market.

Dongguan Tongyuan Intelligent Equipment Co., Ltd.

4 yrs
·Manufacturer/Factory & Trading Company
Main Products:
Corner Protector, Soft-Style Children's Baseball Bat, Manufacturing of NBR Foam Products, NBR Foam Product Manufacturing with ODM and OEM, Precision Machining of EVA Material, Precision Finishing of Sponge Materials, Precision Finishing of PU Foam Material
Country/Region:
Guangdong, China
R&D Capacity:
OEM Service
Sample Service:
Sample Available
Company Profile:
Dongguan Tongyuan Intelligent Equipment Co., Ltd. is a specialized manufacturer of NBR foam products, headquartered in Changping, Dongguan - the manufacturing heart of the Greater Bay Area. Since our founding in 2022, we have focused exclusively on closed-cell NBR foam, delivering high-performance protection solutions to industrial buyers worldwide.

East Ai Machinery Co., Limited

13 yrs
·Manufacturer/Factory & Trading Company
Main Products:
Honed Tube, Chrome Plated Bar, Chrome Bar, Aluminium Tube, Hydraulic Cylinder, Hydraulic Power Unit, Hydraulic Power Pack
Country/Region:
Jiangsu, China
R&D Capacity:
ODM Service
Sample Service:
Sample Available
Company Profile:
Wuxi East-Ai Hydraulic Components Manufacturing Co., Ltd., established in 2006, is located in Wuxi, China, known for being a prominent manufacturing city. The company takes pride in its convenient sea shipment arrangements. With a service concept centered around "people-oriented, quality first, service first, " East-Ai focuses on absorbing advanced technologies from domestic and international markets. This allows them to continuously enhance their production processes and strive for the production of impeccable products.

Wuxi Baiheng Metal Co., Ltd

Main Products:
Chrome Piston Rod, Honed Tube, Skiving&Roller Burnished Tube, Cold Drawn Tube, Honing Pipe, Cold Drawn Steel Pipe, Hydraulic Cylinder Tube, Chrome Plated Bar, Welding Positioner, Welding Rotator
Country/Region:
Jiangsu, China
Company Profile:
Wuxi Baiheng Metal Co., Ltd started in hydraulic cylinder tube and chrome rod industry as early as 2001 in Wuxi city. We mainly specialized in manufacturing of hydraulic cylinder, cold drawn tubes, honed/skived tubes, chromed hollow rod and chrome plated steel bar. Our main products include:

Weihai Snowwing Outdoor Equipment Co., Ltd.

15 yrs·5.0
·Manufacturer/Factory & Trading Company
Main Products:
Carbon Fiber Tube, Carbon Fiber Sheet, Carbon Fiber Billiard Club, Carbon Fiber Accessories
Country/Region:
Shandong, China
R&D Capacity:
OEM/ODM Service
Sample Service:
Sample Available
Company Profile:
Weihai snowwing outdoor equipment Co., Ltd is specializing in manufacturing, processing and selling carbon fiber sheet, carbon fiber tube, carbon fiber CNC machining, carbon fiber OEM molding, carbon fiber auto parts and kinds of carbon fiber products etc. According to customer drawings, we can provide segmenting, fine grinding, turning and milling, drilling, through-train services.

Zhuzhou Unova Carbide Co., Ltd.

Main Products:
Waterjet Mixing Tube, Abrasive Waterjet Nozzle, Waterjet Mixing Chamber, Tungsten Carbide Micro Nozzle, Tungsten Carbide Wire Drawing Die, Optical Lens Mold Blank, Tungsten Carbide Rods, Custom Tungsten Carbide Parts, High-Pressure Cleaning Nozzle, Hydroblasting Nozzle
Country/Region:
Hunan, China
R&D Capacity:
OEM/ODM Service
Sample Service:
Sample Available
Company Profile:
Located in Zhuzhou, Hunan-China's renowned carbide innovation hub-Unova Carbide is a specialized high-tech enterprise with over 15 years of dedicated expertise in nano-grade tungsten carbide research, development, and manufacturing. From our advanced 1, 800 square meter facility, our team of 20+ skilled professionals designs and produces high-performance components, including waterjet mixing tubes, abrasive waterjet nozzles, mixing chambers, micro nozzles, wire drawing dies, optical lens mold blanks, carbide rods, and custom-engineered carbide parts tailored to client specifications. Renowned for their exceptional durability and micron-level precision, our products deliver superior performance in demanding applications. Unova Carbide serves global industries, including waterjet cutting, wire and cable production, electronics, and precision engineering, with our products exported to over 20 countries. We pride ourselves on offering the optimal balance of quality and cost-efficiency, ensuring our clients receive reliable, high-value solutions. Our commitment to innovation and excellence drives us to continuously enhance our offerings, meeting the evolving needs of our partners. For specialized requirements or inquiries, our team is ready to provide customized support and solutions.

Qinghe County Luotai Auto Parts Co., Ltd.

11 yrs
·Manufacturer/Factory & Trading Company
Main Products:
Silicone Tube, Silicone Hose, Silicone Hose Kit, Rubber Hose
Country/Region:
Hebei, China
R&D Capacity:
OEM/ODM Service
Sample Service:
Sample Available
Company Profile:
Qinghe County Luotai Auto Parts Co., Ltd. Located in Qinghe County Hebei province, is one of the leading factories of rubber products in the local market, Our silicone hoses, rubber hoses, s and rubber seals are widely used in modification vehicles, commercial cars, trucks, military vehicles, industry and agricultural machines...Our capabilities include custom tooling design and manufacture, product design, silicone hose &rubber hose fabrication, rubber seal fabrication and finished goods testing and validation, and full-time in-house quality inspection. We produce a wide range of silicone straight hoses, silicone reducer hoses, silicone elbow hoses, truck silicone hoses, truck radiator hoses, silicone hose kits, silicone vacuum hoses, silicone heater hoses, custom silicone hoses rubber seal strips, PVC seal strips, silicone seal strip, Automobile door and window sealing strip and Building door and window sealing strip, etc. In recent years, with team-based strong ability in design, innovation, and manufacture, our company enjoyed a good reputation at home and abroad. Persisting on quality-centered and sincere service principles, our company is vigorously promoting the brand of KINGLIN to the world. We have advanced production equipment, skilled workers, precise instruments, and inspection equipment and we work strictly in accordance with international quality management standards. With reliable quality assurance, good after-sale service, and competitive price, Kinglin will be your most trusted supplier. We warmly welcome you to visit us and build win-win cooperation with us.

Tianjin Boer King Steel Import and Export Co., Ltd.

14 yrs
·Trading Company
Main Products:
Casing Pipe; Seamless Steel Pipe; High Pressure Boiler Tube; Spiral Steel Pipe; Stainless Steel Pipe
Country/Region:
Tianjin, China
R&D Capacity:
OEM Service
Sample Service:
Sample Available
Company Profile:
WE BOER KING STEEL GROUP(Tianjin Boer King Steel Import and Export Co., Ltd )LOCATED IN SHUANGGANGINDUSTRIAL ZONE, JINNAN DISTRICT, TIANJIN, China. 30KM AWAY FROM TIANJIN XINGANG PORT, 8KM AWAY FROM TIANJIN AIRPORT.

Shandong Songnuo Composite Material Co., Ltd.

3 yrs·5.0
Main Products:
Carbon fiber sheets, Carbon fiber tubes, CNC carving of carbon fiber products, Custom carbon fiber profiles, Carbon fiber sandwich composite panels
Country/Region:
Shandong, China
R&D Capacity:
OEM/ODM Service
Sample Service:
Sample Available
Company Profile:
With Shandong as our business foundation, we have diligently built a comprehensive product line covering carbon fiber composite pipes and plates through unremitting exploration and in-depth cultivation in the field of material technology. These products have become popular choices in the market.

Wuxi Pazon Technology Co., Ltd

Main Products:
Hydraulic Cylinder, Hydraulic Power Unit, Honed Tube, Piston Rod, Cylinder Barrel, Hard Chrome Plating Rod, Wear-Resistant Tube, Linear Shaft, Hydraulic Press, Abrasive Rod
Country/Region:
Jiangsu, China
R&D Capacity:
OEM/ODM Service
Sample Service:
Sample Available
Company Profile:
About Pazon Technology - Your Reliable Hydraulic Solutions Partner

Zhenjiang Matchau Marine Equipment Co., Ltd.

5.0
Main Products:
Water Weight Bag, Life Boat, Life Raft, Life Jacket, Rescue Boat, Single Arm Davit, Davit, Crane, Rubber Fender, Anchor Chain
Country/Region:
Jiangsu, China
R&D Capacity:
OEM/ODM Service
Sample Service:
Sample Available
Company Profile:
Zhenjiang Matchau Marine Equipment Co., Ltd is a both manufacturer and export company. We are specialized in producing proof load testing water filled weight bags and marine foam life jackets and inflatable life jacket. Besides, we've also obtained excellent sales performance and rich sales experience of foreign trade business in marine life saving products, fire-fighting equipment, dock rubber products, mooring products, deck machinery with accessories, navigation, communication and other related marine products.

Guangdong Shenyang New Material Technology Co., Ltd.

12 yrs·5.0
·Manufacturer/Factory & Trading Company
Main Products:
Carbon Fiber Composite Materials, Carbon Fiber Sheets, Carbon Fiber Tubes, Carbon Fiber Drone Frames, Carbon Fiber Sports Equipment, Carbon Fiber Automotive Parts, Carbon Fiber Aerospace Components, Carbon Fiber Industrial Products, Carbon Fiber Medical Devices, Carbon Fiber Consumer Goods
Country/Region:
Guangdong, China
R&D Capacity:
OEM/ODM Service
Sample Service:
Sample Available
Company Profile:
Guangdong Shenyang New Material Technology Co., Ltd. Carbon Fiber Solutions Leader Since 2015 (National High-Tech Enterprise Certification)

QINGDAO AEROLITE TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD

5.0
Main Products:
Carbon Fiber Fabric/Cloth, Carbon Fiber Sheet/Plate/Panel, Aramid/Kevlar Fabric, Carbon Fiber Tube/Pipe/Pole/Rod/Stick, Carbon Fiber Parts, CNC Machined Parts, Chopped Carbon Fiber, Hybrid Fiber Fabric, Prepreg Carbon Fiber, Cusotmized Carbon Fiber Products
Country/Region:
Shandong, China
R&D Capacity:
OEM Service
Sample Service:
Sample Available
Company Profile:
Established in 2007, Qingdao Aerolite Technology Co., Ltd provides carbon fiber products design and manufacture solutions. We specialized in designing and manufacturing carbon fiber fabrics, carbon fiber surface mat, carbon fiber mesh, aramid fiber fabrics, carbon fiber tubes, carbon fiber sheets and CNC parts etc. Due to the high strength and modulus, light weight property, our carbon fiber products are widely used in the area of Aerospace, Construction, Wind power, Marine, Automobile decoration, Sports equipment.

Suzhou Weipeng Precision Machinery Co., Ltd.

17 yrs·5.0
·Manufacturer/Factory & Trading Company
Main Products:
Piston Rod, Linear Shaft, Linear Motion Bearing, Ball screw, Trapezoidal Lead Screw, Linear Guide, Cross Roller Guide.
Country/Region:
Jiangsu, China
R&D Capacity:
OEM/ODM Service
Sample Service:
Sample Available
Company Profile:
Suzhou Weipeng Precision Machinery Co., Ltd. is located in Suzhou, which is a foreign trade oriented economic developed city, adjacent to international port city Shanghai. Established in 2009, we're a manufacturing company specialized in the production of piston rod and linear shaft in various specifications, which is widely used in automation and cylinder. We also produce stainless steel grinding bar in the material SUS304 and SUS303.

Shenzhen Sunbow Insulation Materials MFG. Co., Ltd.

5.0
Main Products:
Fiberglass Sleeving, Heat Shrink Tube, Silicone Rubber Tube, PVC Tube, PTFE Tube, Expandable Sleeving, Corrugated Pipe, Polyimide Film Tube, Heat Shrink End Caps, Polyolefin Cable Breakout Boots (Cable Splitter)
Country/Region:
Guangdong, China
R&D Capacity:
OEM/ODM Service
Sample Service:
Sample Available
Company Profile:
Shenzhen Sunbow Insulation Materials MFG. Co., Ltd, established in 2003, mainly engaged in the research & Development, manufacture and sale of various insulation sleeving. And we had leading R& D engineers, had a batch of advantageous equipment and testing instruments. Now we had excess of 10 independent patents, gained high-tech enterprise in Shenzhen.

Myreal Energy Saving (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.

Main Products:
Foam Rubber, Glass Wool, Rock Wool, Foam Glass, XPS, Ceramic Fiber Insulation, Ceramic Insulation Board, Calcium Silicate, PU/PIR, EPS
Country/Region:
Shanghai, China
R&D Capacity:
OEM Service
Sample Service:
Sample Available
Company Profile:
Myreal Energy Saving (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. - Integrated Insulation Supplier & System Solution Provider

Tianjin Qiangbang Industrial Co., Ltd.

Main Products:
Pre-Stressed Steel Strand, Post-Tensioned Steel Cable, Pre-Stressed Steel Wire, PC Steel Wire, Pre-Stressed Anchorage Anchor and Wedge, Post-Tensioning Accessories, Spring Steel Flat Bar, Spring Steel, Flat Steel Bar
Country/Region:
Tianjin, China
Sample Service:
Sample Available
Company Profile:
TIANJIN QIANGBANG INDUSTRIAL Co., Ltd.

Shandong Tongmao Special Steel Co., Ltd.

10 yrs·5.0
Main Products:
Copper Pipe, Galvanized Steel Coil, Aluminum Tube, Brass Tube, Precision Seamless Steel Pipe, Stainless Steel Coil, Stainless Steel Pipe, Steel Sheet, Copper Sheet, Aluminum Coil
Country/Region:
Shandong, China
R&D Capacity:
OEM/ODM Service
Sample Service:
Sample Available
Company Profile:
SHANDONG TONGMAO SPECIAL STEEL Co., Ltd is reputed at supplying copper pipe, aluminum tube, brass tube, stainless steel coil, galvanized steel coil, precision seamless steel pipe, also supply steel plate, steel coil and steel pipe, lead sheet etc.

Hangzhou Weshare Import and Export Co., Ltd.

5.0
·Trading Company
Main Products:
Transformer Accessories,Insulation Material,Release Paper, Release Film
Country/Region:
Zhejiang, China
R&D Capacity:
OEM/ODM Service
Sample Service:
Sample Available
Company Profile:
Hangzhou Weshare Import & Export Co. Ltd, established in 2019, stands out as a premier Chinese exporter specializing in transformer components, electrical insulation materials, release film and paper. Our company boasts a wide array of products used in oil and dry transformers, electrical motors, electronic devices and label industry.

Zhenjiang Nebula Marine Equipment Co.,Ltd.

Main Products:
Aluminum Gangway, Life Raft and Related Accessories, Load Test Water Bag, Life Jacket, Fire-Fighting Equipments, Personal Transfer Basket, Marine Navigation Products, Anchor & Anchor Chain
Country/Region:
Jiangsu, China
R&D Capacity:
ODM Service
Sample Service:
Sample Available
Company Profile:
Zhenjiang Nebula Marine Equipment Co., Ltd is located in Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu Province which is near to Shanghai port and Ningbo port. We are professional supplier for marine products and specialized in load test water bag, life raft, life jacket, fire-fighting equipments, gangway, personal transfer basket, anchor, anchor chain and related accessories. By the way, we can also provide marine professional training services.

Ningbo KK-Bioscience Co., Ltd.

9 yrs·5.0
·Manufacturer/Factory & Trading Company
Main Products:
DVT Sleeves, Cold Therapy Device, Blood Pressure Bulb, Pressure Infusion Bag, Medical Tube
Country/Region:
Zhejiang, China
R&D Capacity:
OEM/ODM Service
Sample Service:
Sample Available
Company Profile:
Founded in 1997, Nearly 30 years, our company is committed to providing users with high-quality products and services, focusing on the research and development and production of various medical products, medical pipes and pressure balloons, and becoming the most trusted partner in the field of medical devices, inflatable systems, piping systems and maternal and child care.

Hangzhou Fushan Medical Appliances Co., Ltd.

22 yrs·5.0
·Manufacturer/Factory & Trading Company
Main Products:
Silicone Stomach Tube, Silicone Nasogastric Tube, Silicone Gastrostomy Tube, PEG Kit, Laryngeal Mask, Endotracheal Tube, Silicone Drainage Tube, Silicone Drainage Kit, Silicone Reservoir, Silicone Foley Catheter, CVC, Needle Free Connector
Country/Region:
Zhejiang, China
R&D Capacity:
OEM/ODM Service
Sample Service:
Sample Available
Company Profile:
Hangzhou Fushan Medical Appliances Co., Ltd. Was established in July 2005. It locates at Lin'an Linglong Industrial Park in the west of Hangzhou.

Sihui Jiyi Fluorine Plastic Co., Ltd.

5.0
Main Products:
PTFE Hose, PTFE Tube, FEP Tube, FEP Heat Shrink Tube, PFA Tube, PTFE Corrugated Hose, PTFE Heat Shrink Tube, PTFE Braied Hose
Country/Region:
Guangdong, China
Sample Service:
Sample Available
Company Profile:
SiHui Jiyi Fluoroplastics Co., Ltd, is a professional manufacturer for PTFE product, such as teflon hose, FEP hose, teflon corrugated hose. We are one of the leading factories which develops and produces PTFE products in China, supported by the Chinese government as the most importantly developed company. SiHui Jiyi Fluoroplastics Co., Ltd, has a R&D headquarter in GuangDong, possessing the most advanced technology for PTFE products, leading us to be among the best in China.

Shandong Chaoruisi Hi - Tech Metals Co., Ltd

13 yrs·5.0
·Manufacturer/Factory & Trading Company
Main Products:
Seamless/Welded Stainless Steel Pipe, Ultra-Clean Pipe, EP/BA/MP/AP Stainless Steel Tube, Stainless Steel Fittings & Connectors& Accessories
Country/Region:
Shandong, China
Sample Service:
Sample Available
Company Profile:
Shandong Chaoruisi Hi-Tech Metals Co., Ltd. Was established on November 29, 2013, with a legal representative of Sun Chengyong, a registered capital of 10.8 million yuan, a unified social credit code of 91370705085110806T, and an address at the Houguanzhuang Industrial Park, Houguanzhuang Village, Beicheng Street, Weifang Economic Development Zone, Shandong. Houguanzhuang Industrial Park, Houguanzhuang Village, Beicheng Street, Weifang Economic Development Zone, Shandong Province. The industry it belongs to is wholesale, and its business scope includes: General items: Research and development of new material technology; Technical services, technology development, technical consulting, technical exchanges, technology transfer, technology promotion; Non-ferrous metal alloy manufacturing; Metal products sales; Import and export of goods; Import and export of technology; Earthwork construction; Landscaping construction; And operation of wires and cables. (Except for projects subject to approval according to law, business activities can be carried out independently according to law with a business license) Licensed projects: Operating Class III medical devices; Subcontracting construction services; Construction engineering; Electrical installation services. (Projects subject to approval according to law can only be carried out after approval by the relevant authorities. The specific business items are subject to the approval documents or licenses issued by the relevant authorities. ) Shandong Chaoruisi New Material Technology Co., Ltd. is currently operating (open for business) as a going concern.

Changzhou Dlx Alloy Co., Ltd.

11 yrs·4.9
·Trading Company
Main Products:
Nickel Strip, Nichrome Wire, Nickel Wire, Resistance Wire, Nickel Welding Wire, Inconel, Incoloy, Heating Wire, Thermocouple Wire, Nickel Alloy
Country/Region:
Jiangsu, China
R&D Capacity:
OEM/ODM Service
Sample Service:
Sample Available
Company Profile:
DLX alloy, which is a alloy factory more than 23 years, we are founded in 2002, and run business with resistance alloy first. And in past 20 years, we R&D new product such as inconel, monel, hastelloy, high temperature alloy and other nickel based alloy products.

Shandong Harmowell Trade Co., Ltd.

Main Products:
Medical Equipment, Medical Supply, Hospital Furniture, Blood Collection Tube, Rapid Test Kit, Laboratory Supplies, Medical Catheter, Anesthesia Machine, Laboratory Analyzer, Laboratory Centrifuge
Country/Region:
Shandong, China
R&D Capacity:
OEM Service
Sample Service:
Sample Available
Company Profile:
Our company offers variety of products which can meet your multifarious demands. We adhere to the management principles of quot& Quality first, customer first and credit-based" Since the establishment of the company and always do our best to satisfy potential needs of our customers.